Solar Panel Types: A Comprehensive Guide on Their Pros, Cons & Features

Solar panels are becoming increasingly popular as a renewable energy solution, providing clean and sustainable power for various applications. Regarding solar panel types, there are three primary options to consider. These include monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film panels. This article will explore these three major solar panel types and their features and benefits.

Highlights & Key Takeaways 

• Monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film solar panels are the three primary types of solar panels.
• Monocrystalline solar panels are often considered the best choice because they offer a combination of higher efficiency rates and longer lifespans than other solar panel types.
• Polycrystalline solar panels are generally considered the cheapest among the three types.
• Monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels are known for their durability, with an average lifespan of 25 to 30 years.

What Are the Different Types of Solar Panels?

While monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film solar panels are the three primary types, other variants are worth exploring. Monocrystalline panels are known for their high efficiency and sleek black appearance, while polycrystalline panels offer a cost-effective option with slightly lower efficiency. 

Thin-film panels, on the other hand, are lightweight and flexible, making them suitable for diverse applications. Additionally, variations such as amorphous silicon, CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide), and CdTe (cadmium telluride) panels provide alternative options with their own unique features and advantages.

Most Common Types of Solar Panels

The type of solar panel you choose for your home can impact the number of panels you need. In most cases, however, you’ll need somewhere between 17 and 21 to provide 100% of the electricity needed to power your home. Here is an overview of the types of solar panels you should know about, especially when considering solar panel financing to help you fund your purchase.

Monocrystalline Solar Panels

These panels have a sleek, black appearance, as they are constructed out of a single silicon crystal. They are the most efficient type of solar panels but also the most expensive.

Polycrystalline Solar Panels

Made from multiple silicon crystals, polycrystalline solar panels have a distinctive blue color. They offer a more affordable option than monocrystalline panels, although they are slightly less efficient.

Thin-Film Solar Panels

Thin-film solar panels consist of a thin layer of photovoltaic material deposited on a substrate like glass, metal, or plastic. There are several types, including cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar panels known for their cost-effectiveness and good real-world efficiency, amorphous silicon (a-Si) panels that offer flexibility and adaptability to curved surfaces, and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) panels with a balance of efficiency and flexibility, suitable for various applications such as building-integrated photovoltaics. 

Each type of thin-film panel brings its own unique advantages, expanding the range of possibilities for solar energy applications. However, they are the least efficient type of solar panels.

Pros and Cons of the Major Solar Panel Types

Let’s examine the pros and cons of the major solar panel types to understand their strengths and limitations comprehensively.

Pros and Cons of Monocrystalline Solar Panels

Pros of monocrystalline solar panels:

• High efficiency. Monocrystalline solar panels surpass others in efficiency, enabling them to generate more electricity per square foot of space.
• Long lifespan. Monocrystalline solar panels are known for their durability and can last up to 25 to 30 years or more with proper maintenance.
• Aesthetically pleasing. These solar panels are uniformly black, which many homeowners find visually appealing.

Cons of monocrystalline solar panels:

• Higher cost. Due to the manufacturing process, monocrystalline solar panels cost more than others.
• Lower temperature coefficient. This means their efficiency decreases as the temperature increases.
• Can break more easily. Monocrystalline solar panels are relatively fragile and can crack or break easily if not handled properly by the installer or during maintenance.

Pros and Cons of Polycrystalline Solar Panels

Pros of polycrystalline solar panels:

• Affordable. Polycrystalline solar panels are generally less expensive than monocrystalline panels, making them a more budget-friendly option.
• High-temperature tolerance. Polycrystalline panels are well-suited for hot climates as they exhibit superior heat tolerance compared to monocrystalline panels.
• Less waste. Polycrystalline panels, created by melting multiple silicon fragments, offer environmental friendliness by requiring less silicon purity than monocrystalline panels.

Cons of polycrystalline solar panels:

• Lower efficiency. Polycrystalline panels exhibit lower efficiency than monocrystalline panels, reducing power output per square foot of space.
• Space requirements. Due to their lower efficiency, polycrystalline panels require more space to produce the same amount of electricity as monocrystalline panels.
• Shorter lifespan. Polycrystalline panels have a slightly shorter lifespan than monocrystalline panels, typically lasting around 25 to 30 years.

Pros and Cons of Thin-Film Solar Panels

Pros of thin-film solar panels:

• Cost-effective. Thin-film solar panels generally have lower production costs than crystalline silicon panels, making them a more budget-friendly option.
• Versatile. They are lightweight, flexible, and can be integrated into various surfaces, including curved or non-standard structures, expanding the range of possible applications.
• Temperature stability. They exhibit better temperature tolerance, maintaining their efficiency levels even at higher temperatures.

Cons of thin-film solar panels:

• Lower efficiency. Thin-film panels generally have lower conversion efficiency than crystalline silicon panels, reducing power output per unit area.
• Space requirements. Due to their lower efficiency, thin-film panels require larger surface areas to generate the same amount of electricity as crystalline silicon panels.
• Degradation over time. Some thin-film materials may experience degradation over time, resulting in a gradual decline in efficiency throughout the panels' lifespan.
• Durability concerns. Thin-film panels may be more susceptible to physical damage and less resistant to environmental factors such as moisture or UV exposure.

Cost of Each Solar Panel Type

Solar panel prices varies depending on the type. Monocrystalline solar panels are priced at an average range of $0.32 to $1.50 per watt, offering cost-effectiveness alongside higher energy efficiency. These panels excel in maximizing energy production within limited space. 

On the other hand, polycrystalline solar panels typically cost $0.70 to $1 per watt. For instance, a 250-watt polycrystalline panel may be priced between $175 to $250, resulting in an average system cost of $4,200 to $6,000. While providing a more affordable alternative, it's important to note that polycrystalline panels have a higher temperature coefficient and are less efficient in heat. 

Thin-film solar panels have a price range of $0.50 to $1 per watt before installation, with additional installation costs of $0.50 to $1.20 per watt. While they offer a lower cost per watt, thin-film panels generally have lower efficiency levels and require larger installation areas to generate the same electricity output. 

Solar Panel Type Ranked by Efficiency

Regarding solar panel efficiency, the ranking among different types can vary. The monocrystalline panel type is the most efficient solar panel type, known for its high efficiency and ability to generate more electricity per square foot. Following closely behind are the bifacial panels, which can produce electricity from both sides, enhancing their overall efficiency. 

Polycrystalline panels, while slightly less efficient than monocrystalline panels, still perform well. The article also mentions that among the thin-film panels, the highest efficiency is typically found in CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) panels. In contrast, amorphous silicon (a-Si) panels have lower efficiency. 

Solar Panel Types by Power Capacity

Solar panel types can vary in power capacity, determining the amount of electricity they can generate. According to EnergySage, monocrystalline solar panels typically have the highest power capacity among the different types, making them ideal for maximizing energy production in limited space. Polycrystalline panels follow closely behind with a slightly lower power capacity. 

Thin-film panels, on the other hand, generally have a lower power capacity compared to crystalline silicon panels. The specific power capacity of each panel type can also vary within their respective categories based on technological advancements and manufacturing processes. 

Appearance of Each Solar Panel Type 

Different solar panel types have distinct appearances. Monocrystalline panels have a sleek black look, while polycrystalline panels appear blue with a textured surface. Thin-film panels, being lightweight and flexible, have a smooth surface and can be seamlessly integrated into various surfaces, making them suitable for unconventional applications.

Lifespan of the Different Solar Panel Types

The lifespan of solar panels can vary depending on the type. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels are known for their durability, with an average lifespan of 25 to 30 years. These panels are designed to withstand harsh weather conditions and maintain their performance over time. Thin-film solar panels generally have a slightly shorter lifespan of 20 to 25 years.

Other Factors to Consider When Evaluating Solar Panel Types

In addition to efficiency, cost, power capacity, and lifespan, there are several other important factors to consider when evaluating different solar panel types for your specific needs.

Hail Rating

Hail rating is crucial for assessing solar panel durability. Higher hail ratings indicate greater resistance to hail damage. Ratings like UL 61730 or IEC 61730 demonstrate resilience against U.S. hailstorms, with panels enduring hailstones from one to three inches in size, traveling at speeds of 16.8 to 88.3 mph.

Hurricane Rating

Most solar panels are designed to withstand hurricanes' strong winds and harsh weather conditions. Solar panels are typically tested and certified to meet specific wind resistance standards, such as UL 1703 or IEC 61215. These ratings ensure that the panels can endure wind speeds commonly experienced during hurricanes, ranging from 130 to 156 mph. 

Temperature Coefficient

The temperature coefficient impacts solar panel performance. Monocrystalline panels have a lower coefficient, maintaining efficiency in higher temperatures. Polycrystalline panels have a slightly higher coefficient, leading to greater efficiency drop in heat. Thin-film panels generally have a higher coefficient, making them less efficient in hot climates. Considering the coefficient is vital for selecting the right panel type based on location temperatures.

Light-Induced Degradation

Light-Induced Degradation (LID) is an important consideration when evaluating solar panel types LID refers to the temporary drop in efficiency that occurs in certain types of solar panels during the initial exposure to sunlight. Monocrystalline panels have a lower susceptibility to LID, ensuring minimal efficiency loss. On the other hand, polycrystalline panels may experience a higher degree of LID initially, but the effect diminishes over time. LID can also affect thin-film panels, although the extent varies among different technologies. 

Manufacturing Carbon Footprint

The carbon footprint of different solar panel types is essential in assessing their environmental impact. Monocrystalline panels generally have a higher carbon footprint due to the energy-intensive process involved in their production. Polycrystalline panels also contribute to carbon emissions but to a slightly lesser extent. 

Thin-film panels have the lowest manufacturing carbon footprint among the three types, primarily because they require less energy and raw materials during production. 

Comparing the Major Types of Solar Panels

Take a look at this chart which allows you to easily compare and contrast the key attributes of the major solar panel types.

Additional Types of Solar Panels

In addition to the major types of solar panels discussed earlier, there are also several other innovative and emerging technologies in the field of solar energy. This section will explore some exciting advancements, including solar roof shingles, biohybrid solar panels, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), and more. These offer unique features and potential applications in the renewable energy landscape.

Solar Roof Shingles

Solar shingles, or photovoltaic shingles, are an innovative type of solar panel designed to resemble traditional roofing materials such as asphalt shingles. These integrated solar panels blend seamlessly with the overall aesthetic of a building while generating electricity from sunlight. They comprise individual solar cells embedded within the shingle, allowing them to convert sunlight into electricity. 

Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) Solar Panels

Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) solar panels are an advanced type of solar technology that enhances the efficiency of solar cells. The PERC design includes a passivation layer at the solar cell's rear, allowing for better light absorption and reduced electron recombination. This innovative structure improves the overall performance of the solar panel, resulting in higher power output and improved energy generation. P

Concentrated PV Cell (CPV and HCVP)

Concentrated PV Cell (CPV) and High-Concentration PV (HCPV) solar panels are advanced solar technologies that utilize optics to concentrate sunlight onto small, highly efficient photovoltaic cells. These systems employ lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight onto the solar cells, increasing the intensity of sunlight and thus boosting electricity generation. 

Biohybrid Solar Cell

Biohybrid solar cells are a cutting-edge type of solar technology that combines the principles of synthetic biology with photovoltaics. These cells utilize natural or engineered organic materials, such as proteins or enzymes, and inorganic semiconductors to generate electricity from sunlight. By harnessing the unique properties of biological components, biohybrid solar cells offer the potential for improved efficiency, versatility, and sustainability in solar energy conversion.

Bifacial Solar Panels

Bifacial solar panels are a specialized type of solar technology that can generate electricity from both sides of the panel. Unlike traditional solar panels that only utilize the front side, bifacial panels have a transparent back sheet or glass layer that allows sunlight to pass through and reach the rear side of the solar cells. This enables the panels to capture sunlight reflected from surfaces such as the ground or nearby structures, increasing their overall energy production. 

Organic Photovoltaics

Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells are a type of solar technology that utilizes organic materials, such as carbon-based polymers, to convert sunlight into electricity. These flexible and lightweight solar cells offer unique advantages, including the ability to be manufactured using low-cost processes and deposited on various substrates, making them suitable for applications where traditional rigid solar panels are not feasible. 

Perovskite Cells

Perovskite solar cells are a rapidly emerging type of solar technology that utilize a unique class of materials called perovskites to convert sunlight into electricity. These materials have a crystalline structure similar to the naturally occurring mineral perovskite. Perovskite solar cells offer several advantages, including low-cost manufacturing processes, high light absorption efficiency, and the potential for flexible and lightweight designs.

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a type of solar technology that uniquely converts sunlight into electricity. These cells utilize a layer of light-absorbing dye, which acts as a photosensitizer, to capture and transfer light energy to the semiconductor material. The dye absorbs a broad range of sunlight wavelengths, allowing DSSCs to have a relatively high light-harvesting efficiency. 

Quantum Dots

Quantum dots are tiny semiconductor particles that exhibit unique quantum properties that enable them to absorb and emit light at specific wavelengths. Quantum dots can be engineered to have tunable bandgaps, allowing them to absorb a broader range of the solar spectrum compared to traditional materials. Quantum dots can be integrated into solar panels to enhance their efficiency by reducing energy losses due to heat and increasing the overall power output. 

How to Choose the Right Type of Solar Panel for Your Needs

Here are the steps you can follow to choose the right type of solar panel:

• Determine how much you can invest in a solar system, including installation costs, and set a realistic budget for your project.
• Research how different panel types perform in your specific climate and weather conditions. Some panels may suit hot climates, while others may work better in cooler or cloudy regions.
• Analyze your roof's size, pitch, and orientation to determine the optimal panel size and installation options. Assess the sunlight your roof receives daily to ensure maximum energy production.
• Calculate your average energy consumption and consider future energy needs. This will help determine the appropriate panel capacity to meet your electricity requirements.
• Compare solar panel technologies, such as monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film. Consider factors like longevity, maintenance requirements, and warranties.
• Request quotes from multiple solar installers to compare pricing, equipment options, and installation services.
• Ensure that the solar panels you choose have relevant certifications and meet industry standards for quality and safety. Review the manufacturer's warranty to understand the coverage and duration provided.
• Read reviews and experiences from other customers who have installed similar solar panels. Their feedback can provide valuable insights into performance, reliability, and customer satisfaction.

Final Word

Understanding solar panel types is essential: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film. Monocrystalline panels offer high efficiency and a sleek look, polycrystalline panels provide affordability and durability, and thin-film panels offer flexibility for specific applications. Assess your needs and consider factors like efficiency, cost, lifespan, and environmental impact to make an informed decision for a sustainable future.